Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder walls with an acute or chronic course. It is manifested by frequent and painful urination, with pus in the urine, blood clots, in children it is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication, fever. The disease is common in people of all ages and genders, but is more often found in women, which is associated with the anatomical features of the urinary system.
Symptoms of cystitis
Cystitis is divided into acute and chronic. The acute form is characterized by a spontaneous onset and rapid development. The first sign is frequent urges to urinate every 20-30 minutes. Patients complain of pain in the suprapubic region, pain spreads to the perineum, genitals, increases with pressure on the abdomen, easy filling of the bladder. The urination itself is painful with a burning sensation and pain, the act ends with the release of a few drops of blood. The color and transparency of urine changes: it looks cloudy, dark, with sediment, and has an unpleasant odor. With a favorable result, the state of health improves for 4-5 days, for 7-10 days the patient recovers.
Chronic cystitis is characterized by alternating exacerbations and remissions or a continuous sluggish course. The symptoms correspond to the acute form, their severity increases in the acute stage.
The reasons
Certain conditions are required for the development of cystitis: infections, morphological or functional changes in the bladder. In most cases, the disease is contagious. The main causative agents of cystitis are E. coli, epidermal streptococci, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci. Microorganisms penetrate into the bladder cavity from the external environment, the kidneys, less often from other foci of inflammation: through the lymph, blood, the damaged bladder wall.
A favorable background for the development of cystitis is created by:
- frequent hypothermia;
- infrequent or incomplete urination;
- weakened immunity;
- sedentary lifestyle;
- wearing clothes that are too tight;
- malnutrition;
- vitamin deficiency;
- physical and psycho-emotional overhaul;
- chronic illness;
- change of sex partner or beginning of sexual activity;
- surgical interventions on the bladder, prostate;
- non-compliance with hygiene standards;
- Effects on the body of radiation, chemical and toxic substances;
- Treatment with antibiotics and nephrotoxic drugs;
- the presence of foreign bodies: urinary diversion tubes, kidney stones, ureteral stents.
In the development of cystitis, diseases and pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, Huerta's stenosis in boys / men, prostatic adenoma, prostatitis, dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, worm diseases play a certain role in the development of cystitis.
sorts
Bladder infections are classified according to various criteria:
- downstream: acute - characterized by an inflammatory lesion of the mucous and submucosal layers, and chronic - morphological changes affect the muscle layer;
- by etiology: bacterial (divided into specific and nonspecific) and non-bacterial (chemical, medicinal, radiation, allergic);
- in the form: primary - occur without structural and functional changes in the urinary system, secondary - develop with bladder dysfunction, anatomical changes;
- according to the prevalence of the inflammatory process: focal (limited) and total (diffuse).
diagnosis
When diagnosing cystitis, the urologist will help clinical manifestations, the results of laboratory and instrumental studies. The main role in detecting cystitis, its type and features of the course belongs to the general analysis of urine, urine culture for flora and determination of urine acidity. Depending on the indication, an endoscopic examination of the bladder mucosa (cystoscopy) or X-ray (cystography), an overview urography and an ultrasound examination of the bladder are performed.
To detect/exclude cystitis, specialists at the CMRT clinics use modern diagnostic methods, such ase. g. :
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- ultrasound (ultrasound)
- Duplex scanning
- Calculated topography of Diers spine
- Check-up (comprehensive examination of the body)
- CT
Which doctor to contact
The urologist diagnoses and treats the disease. Depending on the causes and side effects of the disease, it may be necessary to consult a gynecologist and other specialists.
How to treat cystitis
The course of treatment is selected by a urologist, sometimes in collaboration with an endocrinologist, gynecologist, infectious disease specialists, gastroenterologists, surgeons and other specialists. At the stage of acute cystitis, to relieve the symptoms of dysuric disorders, a dairy-vegetarian diet is recommended, restriction of spicy, salty, fatty foods, spices, thermal procedures in the bladder area. In order to quickly cleanse the bladder of toxins, bacteria and inflammatory components, it is necessary to strengthen the drinking regime. In addition to slightly alkaline mineral water, you can drink juices, fruit drinks, compotes, weak green tea.
Of the drugs used to treat uncomplicated urinary tract, taking into account the type of pathogen, uroantiseptics, antibacterial, antimicrobial and antiviral drugs are used. To get rid of pain, relieve muscle spasms, stop the symptoms of inflammation as prescribed, take analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics. In addition to the main treatment, after the signs of the disease have subsided, herbal medicine, electrophoresis and magnetotherapy are prescribed.
If at the stage of complications it is not possible to cure the disease with conservative therapy, surgical removal of the bladder or pathologically changed area is performed by resection, laser exposure and freezing.
complications
Prerequisites for the development of complications create chronic and secondary forms. Possible side effects are:
- sclerotic deformity of the bladder neck;
- anatomical and functional changes in the bladder;
- vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter);
- peritonitis;
- pyelonephritis;
- Inflammation of the walls of the urethra.
Prevention of cystitis
Prevention of cystitis contributes to:
- exclusion of hypothermia;
- Prevention of physical and psycho-emotional overwork;
- healthy and nutritious food;
- genital hygiene;
- Early detection and treatment of infections, concomitant diseases;
- systematic emptying of the bladder;
- strengthening immunity;
- Compliance with the drinking regime.